Selecting

CommentsProcedural SQL (PSQL) Statements

Selecting `FROM` a Common Table Expression (CTE)

A common table expression — or CTE — is a more complex variant of the derived table, but it is also more powerful.A preamble, starting with the keyword WITH, defines one or more named CTEs, each with an optional column aliases list.The main query, which follows the preamble, can then access these CTEs as if they were regular tables or views.The CTEs go out of scope once the main query has run to completion.

For a full discussion of CTEs, please refer to the section [fblangref50-dml-select-cte].

The following is a rewrite of our derived table example as a CTE:

with vars (b, D, denom) as (
  select b, b*b - 4*a*c, 2*a from coeffs
)
select
  iif (D >= 0, (-b - sqrt(D)) / denom, null) sol_1,
  iif (D >  0, (-b + sqrt(D)) / denom, null) sol_2
from vars

Except for the fact that the calculations that have to be made first are now at the beginning, this isn’t a great improvement over the derived table version.However, we can now also eliminate the double calculation of sqrt(D) for every row:

with vars (b, D, denom) as (
  select b, b*b - 4*a*c, 2*a from coeffs
),
vars2 (b, D, denom, sqrtD) as (
  select b, D, denom, iif (D >= 0, sqrt(D), null) from vars
)
select
  iif (D >= 0, (-b - sqrtD) / denom, null) sol_1,
  iif (D >  0, (-b + sqrtD) / denom, null) sol_2
from vars2

The code is a little more complicated now, but it might execute more efficiently (depending on what takes more time: executing the SQRT function or passing the values of b, D and denom through an extra CTE).Incidentally, we could have done the same with derived tables, but that would involve nesting.

Important

All columns in the CTE will be evaluated as many times as they are specified in the main query.This is important, as it can lead to unexpected results when using non-deterministic functions.The following shows an example of this.

WITH T (X) AS (
  SELECT GEN_UUID()
  FROM RDB$DATABASE)
SELECT
  UUID_TO_CHAR(X) as c1,
  UUID_TO_CHAR(X) as c2,
  UUID_TO_CHAR(X) as c3
FROM T

The result if this query produces three different values:

C1  80AAECED-65CD-4C2F-90AB-5D548C3C7279
C2  C1214CD3-423C-406D-B5BD-95BF432ED3E3
C3  EB176C10-F754-4689-8B84-64B666381154

To ensure a single result of the GEN_UUID function, you can use the following method:

WITH T (X) AS (
  SELECT GEN_UUID()
  FROM RDB$DATABASE
  UNION ALL
  SELECT NULL FROM RDB$DATABASE WHERE 1 = 0)
SELECT
  UUID_TO_CHAR(X) as c1,
  UUID_TO_CHAR(X) as c2,
  UUID_TO_CHAR(X) as c3
FROM T;

This query produces a single result for all three columns:

C1  80AAECED-65CD-4C2F-90AB-5D548C3C7279
C2  80AAECED-65CD-4C2F-90AB-5D548C3C7279
C3  80AAECED-65CD-4C2F-90AB-5D548C3C7279

An alternative solution is to wrap the GEN_UUID query in a subquery:

WITH T (X) AS (
  SELECT (SELECT GEN_UUID() FROM RDB$DATABASE)
  FROM RDB$DATABASE)
SELECT
  UUID_TO_CHAR(X) as c1,
  UUID_TO_CHAR(X) as c2,
  UUID_TO_CHAR(X) as c3
FROM T;

This is an artifact of the current implementation.This behaviour may change in a future Firebird version.

Joins

Joins combine data from two sources into a single set.This is done on a row-by-row basis and usually involves checking a join condition to determine which rows should be merged and appear in the resulting dataset.There are several types (INNER, OUTER) and classes (qualified, natural, etc.) of joins, each with its own syntax and rules.

Since joins can be chained, the datasets involved in a join may themselves be joined sets.

Syntax

SELECT
   ...
   FROM <table-reference> [, <table-reference> ...]
   [...]

<table-reference> ::= <table-primary> | <joined-table>

<table-primary> ::=
    <table-or-query-name> [[AS] correlation-name]
  | [LATERAL] <derived-table> [<correlation-or-recognition>]
  | <parenthesized-joined-table>

<table-or-query-name> ::=
    table-name
  | query-name
  | [package-name.]procedure-name [(<procedure-args>)]

<procedure-args> ::= <value-expression [, <value-expression> ...]

<correlation-or-recognition> ::=
  [AS] correlation-name [(<column-name-list>)]

<column-name-list> ::= column-name [, column-name ...]

<derived-table> ::= (<query-expression>)

<parenthesized-joined-table> ::=
    (<parenthesized-joined-table)
  | (<joined-table>)

<joined-table> ::=
    <cross-join>
  | <natural-join>
  | <qualified-join>

<cross-join>
  <table-reference> CROSS JOIN <table-primary>

<natural-join> ::=
  <table-reference> NATURAL [<join-type>] JOIN <table-primary>

<join-type> ::= INNER | { LEFT | RIGHT | FULL } [OUTER]

<qualified-join> ::=
  <table-reference> [<join-type>] JOIN <table-primary>
  { ON <search-condition>
  | USING (<column-name-list>) }

Table 1. Arguments for `JOIN` Clauses
Argument	Description
table-name	Name of a table or view
query-name	Name of a CTE
package-name	Name of a package
procedure-name	Name of a selectable stored procedure
procedure-args	Selectable stored procedure input parameter(s)
derived-table	Derived table query expression
correlation-name	The alias of a data source (table, view, procedure, CTE, derived table)
column-name	Name or alias for a column in a relation, CTE or derived table
search-condition	Join condition (criterion)
column-name-list	List of aliases of the columns of a derived table, or the list of columns used for an equi-join

Selecting

Selecting FROM a Common Table Expression (CTE)

Joins

Selecting `FROM` a Common Table Expression (CTE)