CommentsProcedural SQL (PSQL) Statements

The `ORDER BY` Clause

The ORDER BY can be used to influence the order in which rows are evaluated.The primary use case is when combined with RETURNING, to influence the order rows are returned.

The `RETURNING` Clause

A MERGE statement can contain a RETURNING clause to return rows added, modified or removed.The merge is executed to completion before rows are returned.The RETURNING clause can contain any columns from the target table (or updatable view), as well as other columns (eg from the source) and expressions.

The user executing the statement needs to have SELECT privileges on the columns specified in the RETURNING clause.

In PSQL, If a RETURNING clause is present and more than one matching record is found, an error “multiple rows in singleton select” is raised.This behaviour may change in a future Firebird version.

The optional INTO sub-clause is only valid in PSQL.

Column names can be qualified by the OLD or NEW prefix to define exactly what value to return: before or after modification. The returned values include the changes made by BEFORE triggers.

The syntax of the returning_list is similar to the column list of a SELECT clause.It is possible to reference all columns using *, or table_name.*, NEW.* and/or OLD.*.

For the UPDATE or INSERT action, unqualified column names, or those qualified by the target table name or alias will behave as if qualified by NEW, while for the DELETE action as if qualified by OLD.

The following example modifies the previous example to affect one line, and adds a RETURNING clause to return the old and new quantity of goods, and the difference between those values.

Using MERGE with a RETURNING clause

MERGE INTO PRODUCT_INVENTORY AS TARGET
USING (
  SELECT
    SL.ID_PRODUCT,
    SUM(SL.QUANTITY)
  FROM SALES_ORDER_LINE SL
  JOIN SALES_ORDER S ON S.ID = SL.ID_SALES_ORDER
  WHERE S.BYDATE = CURRENT_DATE
  AND SL.ID_PRODUCT =: ID_PRODUCT
  GROUP BY 1
) AS SRC (ID_PRODUCT, QUANTITY)
ON TARGET.ID_PRODUCT = SRC.ID_PRODUCT
WHEN MATCHED AND TARGET.QUANTITY - SRC.QUANTITY <= 0 THEN
  DELETE
WHEN MATCHED THEN
  UPDATE SET
    TARGET.QUANTITY = TARGET.QUANTITY - SRC.QUANTITY,
    TARGET.BYDATE = CURRENT_DATE
RETURNING OLD.QUANTITY, NEW.QUANTITY, SRC.QUANTITY
INTO : OLD_QUANTITY, :NEW_QUANTITY, :DIFF_QUANTITY

docnext count = 7

Examples of `MERGE`

Update books when present, or add new record if absent

MERGE INTO books b
  USING purchases p
  ON p.title = b.title and p.type = 'bk'
  WHEN MATCHED THEN
    UPDATE SET b.desc = b.desc || '; ' || p.desc
  WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN
    INSERT (title, desc, bought) values (p.title, p.desc, p.bought);

Using a derived table

MERGE INTO customers c
  USING (SELECT * from customers_delta WHERE id > 10) cd
  ON (c.id = cd.id)
  WHEN MATCHED THEN
    UPDATE SET name = cd.name
  WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN
    INSERT (id, name) values (cd.id, cd.name);

Together with a recursive CTE

MERGE INTO numbers
  USING (
    WITH RECURSIVE r(n) AS (
      SELECT 1 FROM rdb$database
      UNION ALL
      SELECT n+1 FROM r WHERE n < 200
    )
    SELECT n FROM r
  ) t
  ON numbers.num = t.n
  WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN
    INSERT(num) VALUES(t.n);

Using DELETE clause

MERGE INTO SALARY_HISTORY
USING (
  SELECT EMP_NO
  FROM EMPLOYEE
  WHERE DEPT_NO = 120) EMP
ON SALARY_HISTORY.EMP_NO = EMP.EMP_NO
WHEN MATCHED THEN DELETE

The following example updates the PRODUCT_INVENTORY table daily based on orders processed in the SALES_ORDER_LINE table.If the stock level of the product would drop to zero or lower, then the row for that product is removed from the PRODUCT_INVENTORY table.

MERGE INTO PRODUCT_INVENTORY AS TARGET
USING (
  SELECT
    SL.ID_PRODUCT,
    SUM (SL.QUANTITY)
  FROM SALES_ORDER_LINE SL
  JOIN SALES_ORDER S ON S.ID = SL.ID_SALES_ORDER
  WHERE S.BYDATE = CURRENT_DATE
  GROUP BY 1
) AS SRC (ID_PRODUCT, QUANTITY)
ON TARGET.ID_PRODUCT = SRC.ID_PRODUCT
WHEN MATCHED AND TARGET.QUANTITY - SRC.QUANTITY <= 0 THEN
  DELETE
WHEN MATCHED THEN
  UPDATE SET
    TARGET.QUANTITY = TARGET.QUANTITY - SRC.QUANTITY,
    TARGET.BYDATE = CURRENT_DATE

`EXECUTE PROCEDURE`

Executes a stored procedure

Syntax

EXECUTE PROCEDURE procname
   [{ <inparam-list | ( <inparam-list> ) }]
   [RETURNING_VALUES { <outvar-list> | ( <outvar-list ) }]

<inparam-list> ::=
  <inparam> [, <inparam> ...]

<outvar-list> ::=
  <outvar> [, <outvar> ...]

<outvar> ::= [:]varname

Table 1. Arguments for the `EXECUTE PROCEDURE` Statement Parameters
Argument	Description
procname	Name of the stored procedure
inparam	An expression evaluating to the declared data type of an input parameter
varname	A PSQL variable to receive the return value

Executes an executable stored procedure, taking a list of one or more input parameters, if they are defined for the procedure, and returning a one-row set of output values, if they are defined for the procedure.

“Executable” Stored Procedure

The EXECUTE PROCEDURE statement is most commonly used to invoke “executable” stored procedures to perform some data-modifying task at the server side — those that do not contain any SUSPEND statements in their code.They can be designed to return a result set, consisting of only one row, which is usually passed, via a set of RETURNING_VALUES() variables, to another stored procedure that calls it.Client interfaces usually have an API wrapper that can retrieve the output values into a single-row buffer when calling EXECUTE PROCEDURE in DSQL.

Invoking “selectable” stored procedures is also possible with EXECUTE PROCEDURE, but it returns only the first row of an output set which is almost surely designed to be multi-row.Selectable stored procedures are designed to be invoked by a SELECT statement, producing output that behaves like a virtual table.

Note

In PSQL and DSQL, input parameters may be any expression that resolves to the expected type.
Although parentheses are not required after the name of the stored procedure to enclose the input parameters, their use is recommended for the sake of readability.
Where output parameters have been defined in a procedure, the RETURNING_VALUES clause can be used in PSQL to retrieve them into a list of previously declared variables that conforms in sequence, data type and number with the defined output parameters.
The list of RETURNING_VALUES may be optionally enclosed in parentheses and their use is recommended.
When DSQL applications call EXECUTE PROCEDURE using the Firebird API or some form of wrapper for it, a buffer is prepared to receive the output row and the RETURNING_VALUES clause is not used.

Examples of `EXECUTE PROCEDURE`

In PSQL, with optional colons and without optional parentheses:

EXECUTE PROCEDURE MakeFullName
  :FirstName, :MiddleName, :LastName
  RETURNING_VALUES :FullName;

In Firebird’s command-line utility isql, with literal parameters and optional parentheses:
```
EXECUTE PROCEDURE MakeFullName ('J', 'Edgar', 'Hoover');
```
Note

In DSQL (e.g. in isql), RETURNING_VALUES is not used.Any output values are captured by the application and displayed automatically.

A PSQL example with expression parameters and optional parentheses:

EXECUTE PROCEDURE MakeFullName
  ('Mr./Mrs. ' || FirstName, MiddleName, upper(LastName))
  RETURNING_VALUES (FullName);

`EXECUTE BLOCK`

Creates an “anonymous” block of PSQL code in DSQL for immediate execution

Available in

DSQL

Syntax

EXECUTE BLOCK [(<inparams>)]
  [RETURNS (<outparams>)]
  <psql-module-body>

<inparams> ::=  <param_decl> = ? [, <inparams> ]

<outparams> ::=  <param_decl> [, <outparams>]

<param_decl> ::=
  paramname <domain_or_non_array_type> [NOT NULL] [COLLATE collation]

<domain_or_non_array_type> ::=
  !! See Scalar Data Types Syntax !!

<psql-module-body> ::=
  !! See Syntax of a Module Body !!

Table 1. Arguments for the `EXECUTE BLOCK` Statement Parameters
Argument	Description
param_decl	Name and description of an input or output parameter
paramname	The name of an input or output parameter of the procedural block, up to 63 characters long.The name must be unique among input and output parameters and local variables in the block
collation	Collation

Executes a block of PSQL code as if it were a stored procedure, optionally with input and output parameters and variable declarations.This allows the user to perform “on-the-fly” PSQL within a DSQL context.

Examples

This example injects the numbers 0 through 127 and their corresponding ASCII characters into the table ASCIITABLE:

EXECUTE BLOCK
AS
declare i INT = 0;
BEGIN
  WHILE (i < 128) DO
  BEGIN
    INSERT INTO AsciiTable VALUES (:i, ascii_char(:i));
    i = i + 1;
  END
END

The next example calculates the geometric mean of two numbers and returns it to the user:
```
EXECUTE BLOCK (x DOUBLE PRECISION = ?, y DOUBLE PRECISION = ?)
RETURNS (gmean DOUBLE PRECISION)
AS
BEGIN
  gmean = SQRT(x*y);
  SUSPEND;
END
```
Because this block has input parameters, it has to be prepared first.Then the parameters can be set and the block executed.It depends on the client software how this must be done and even if it is possible at all — see the notes below.

Our last example takes two integer values, smallest and largest.For all the numbers in the range smallest…largest, the block outputs the number itself, its square, its cube and its fourth power.

EXECUTE BLOCK (smallest INT = ?, largest INT = ?)
RETURNS (number INT, square BIGINT, cube BIGINT, fourth BIGINT)
AS
BEGIN
  number = smallest;
  WHILE (number <= largest) DO
  BEGIN
    square = number * number;
    cube   = number * square;
    fourth = number * cube;
    SUSPEND;
    number = number + 1;
  END
END

Again, it depends on the client software if and how you can set the parameter values.

Input and output parameters

Executing a block without input parameters should be possible with every Firebird client that allows the user to enter their own DSQL statements.If there are input parameters, things get trickier: these parameters must get their values after the statement is prepared, but before it is executed.This requires special provisions, which not every client application offers.(Firebird’s own isql, for one, doesn’t.)

The server only accepts question marks (“?”) as placeholders for the input values, not “:a”, “:MyParam” etc., or literal values.Client software may support the “:xxx” form though, and will preprocess it before sending it to the server.

If the block has output parameters, you must use SUSPEND or nothing will be returned.

Output is always returned in the form of a result set, just as with a SELECT statement.You can’t use RETURNING_VALUES or execute the block INTO some variables, even if there is only one result row.

PSQL Links

For more information about writing PSQL, consult Chapter Procedural SQL (PSQL) Statements.

Statement Terminators

Some SQL statement editors — specifically the isql utility that comes with Firebird, and possibly some third-party editors — employ an internal convention that requires all statements to be terminated with a semicolon.This creates a conflict with PSQL syntax when coding in these environments.If you are unacquainted with this problem and its solution, please study the details in the PSQL chapter in the section entitled Switching the Terminator in isql.

The ORDER BY Clause