Wire Protocol | External Data Representation (XDR)

External Data Representation (XDR)

The Firebird wire protocol uses XDR for exchange of messages between client and server.The encoding of integers is big-endian (network order).

However, some data inside the messages may be little-endian (also known as VAX encoding within Firebird sources).

Data types

Int32

Integer 32-bits

In some cases — e.g. object handles, and some lengths — this is actually a 16-bit “short” encoded as a 32-bit integer with the high bits zero.

Whether the number should be interpreted as signed or unsigned may depend on the context;when we are sure it’s unsigned, we’ll generally specify UInt32 documented next.

UInt32

Unsigned integer 32-bits

Int64

Integer 64-bits

Alternatively, especially for blob and arrays ids, can be interpreted as two Int32, a.k.a. a “quad”.Interpretation as a 64-bit integer — even for blob and array ids — is generally simpler, and should not make a difference.

Whether the number should be interpreted as signed or unsigned may depend on the context.

Buffer

Composed of

Int32

Length of buffer data without padding

Byte[]

Buffer data

Byte[]

Padding of 0 to 3 bytes to align the message to a multiple of 4 (e.g. calculated as (4 - length) & 3)).

That is, for some N >= 0, when the buffer length is:

N * 4 bytes → no padding
N * 4 + 1 bytes → 3 bytes padding
N * 4 + 2 bytes → 2 bytes padding
N * 4 + 3 bytes → 1 byte padding

Byte[]

An array of bytes

Length follows from another field in the message, from correct parsing of the value, or from other specifics of the message.

String

A text string, read or written as a Buffer, encoded in the connection character set or some message or context specific character set

Revision history

Revision History

Revision History
0.17	17 May 2025	MR	Reordered revision history, so latest change is at the top Documented `op_dummy` Documented `op_event` Documented `op_exit`/`op_disconnect` on aux connection Documented `op_reconnect` Improved protocol 11 descriptions Documented protocol 12 (`op_cancel`) Documented the value next to the constant names Partially documented protocol 11 `op_trusted_auth` (message, not logic) Documented protocol 13 connect/authentication/attach: `op_accept_data`, `op_cond_accept`, `op_cont_auth`, `op_crypt_key_callback`, `op_crypt`, authentication and attach flow Described info request message in one place
0.16	13 Apr 2025	MR	Added Firebird struct field names to message descriptions for reference Updated, corrected and expanded field descriptions Documented `op_put_segment` Added missing field in `p_sgmt_length` in `op_batch_segments` Documented protocol 11 batching of operations for blobs Documented protocol 16 timeout (`p_sqldata_timeout`) for `op_execute`/`op_execute2` Documented protocol 18 cursor flags (`p_sqldata_cursor_flags`) for `op_execute`/`op_execute2` Documented protocol 19 inline blob size (`p_sqldata_inline_blob_size`) for `op_execute`/`op_execute2` (but not yet `op_inline_blob`!)
0.15	26 Dec 2021	AP	Document batch execution
0.14	04 Aug 2020	MR	Conversion to AsciiDoc, minor copy-editing
0.13	13 Sep 2014		Updated and expanded protocol information
0.12	21 Jun 2004		Updated services information.
0.11	20 Jun 2004		Added new segmentedlist. Updated Statements.Prepare documentation. Updated Statements.Execute documentation. Updated Blobs.GetSegment documentation. Updated Blobs.Seek documentation.
0.10	19 Jun 2004		Changed rendering of important tags using Paul Vinkenoog fix.
0.9	18 Jun 2004		Improved segmentedlist usage. Fixed rendering of important tags.
0.8	17 Jun 2004		Added two new segmented lists.
0.7	16 Jun 2004		Modified document ID to wireprotocol.
0.6	07 Jun 2004		Added events system documentation.
0.5	06 Jun 2004		Fixed issues reported by Paul Vinkenoog.
0.4	05 Jun 2004		Fixed issues reported by Paul Vinkenoog.
0.3	03 Jun 2004		Added new subsections to the Statements section.
0.2	02 Jun 2004		Fixed issues reported by Paul Vinkenoog.
0.1	31 May 2004		First draft for review.

0.17

17 May 2025

Reordered revision history, so latest change is at the top
Documented op_dummy
Documented op_event
Documented op_exit/op_disconnect on aux connection
Documented op_reconnect
Improved protocol 11 descriptions
Documented protocol 12 (op_cancel)
Documented the value next to the constant names
Partially documented protocol 11 op_trusted_auth (message, not logic)
Documented protocol 13 connect/authentication/attach: op_accept_data, op_cond_accept, op_cont_auth, op_crypt_key_callback, op_crypt, authentication and attach flow
Described info request message in one place

0.16

13 Apr 2025

Added Firebird struct field names to message descriptions for reference
Updated, corrected and expanded field descriptions
Documented op_put_segment
Added missing field in p_sgmt_length in op_batch_segments
Documented protocol 11 batching of operations for blobs
Documented protocol 16 timeout (p_sqldata_timeout) for op_execute/op_execute2
Documented protocol 18 cursor flags (p_sqldata_cursor_flags) for op_execute/op_execute2
Documented protocol 19 inline blob size (p_sqldata_inline_blob_size) for op_execute/op_execute2 (but not yet op_inline_blob!)

0.15

26 Dec 2021

Document batch execution

0.14

04 Aug 2020

Conversion to AsciiDoc, minor copy-editing

0.13

13 Sep 2014

Updated and expanded protocol information

0.12

21 Jun 2004

Updated services information.

0.11

20 Jun 2004

Added new segmentedlist.
Updated Statements.Prepare documentation.
Updated Statements.Execute documentation.
Updated Blobs.GetSegment documentation.
Updated Blobs.Seek documentation.

0.10

19 Jun 2004

Changed rendering of important tags using Paul Vinkenoog fix.

0.9

18 Jun 2004

Improved segmentedlist usage.
Fixed rendering of important tags.

0.8

17 Jun 2004

Added two new segmented lists.

0.7

16 Jun 2004

Modified document ID to wireprotocol.

0.6

07 Jun 2004

Added events system documentation.

0.5

06 Jun 2004

Fixed issues reported by Paul Vinkenoog.

0.4

05 Jun 2004

Fixed issues reported by Paul Vinkenoog.

0.3

03 Jun 2004

Added new subsections to the Statements section.

0.2

02 Jun 2004

Fixed issues reported by Paul Vinkenoog.

0.1

31 May 2004

First draft for review.

Common responses

The wire protocol has a limited set of responses.Some operations have a specific response, which is described together with the operation.Most operation, however, use one (or more) of the responses described in this section.The meaning and content depend on the operation that initiated the response.

Generic response

Int32 — p_operation: Operation code

If operation equals op_response — 9:

Int32 — p_resp_object

Object handle

Although 32-bit in the protocol, valid handle values are always between 0 and 65535 (0xFFFF), with the “normal” range between 0 and 65000, where 0 either represents the connection itself, or means “no value”.

Int64 — p_resp_blob_id

Object ID

Buffer — p_resp_data

Data (meaning depends on the operation).

Byte[] — p_resp_status_vector

Status vector

The format of the status vector is <tag><value>[{tag><value>} ...]<end>, with <tag> an Int32, and where parsing of <value> depends on <tag>;<end> is Int32 isc_arg_end — 0.The length can only be determined by correctly parsing the status vector.The first 8 bytes are always an Int32 tag (isc_arg_gds or isc_arg_warning) and an Int32 value.

If the status vector starts with Int32 isc_arg_gds — 1 and the second Int32 is non-zero, it is a failure response.
If it starts with Int32 isc_arg_warning — 18 and the second Int32 is non-zero, it is a success response with warning(s).
Otherwise, if the second Int32 is zero, it is a success response

Important

Information about parsing the status vector can be found in the Interbase 6 API Guide in the documentation set.It might also be advantageous to look at the sources of {net-provider-repo} or {jaybird-repo}.

SQL response

Success response to op_execute2 (see [wireprotocol-statements-execute]) or op_executeimmediate2 (not yet documented).

Int32 — p_operation: Operation code

If operation equals op_sql_response — 78:

Int32 — p_sqldata_messages: Count of rows following response (in practice, only 1 or 0)
Row data: The row data is not in a buffer like described in [wireprotocol-appendix-types], but as a sequence (0..1) of data rows with a special format, see [wireprotocol-reading-row-data].

You can also consider the row data not a part of the SQL response, but something that is sent after the SQL response.

Fetch response

Success response to op_fetch (see [wireprotocol-statements-fetch]) and op_fetch_scroll (not yet documented).

Int32 — p_operation: Operation code

If operation equals op_fetch_response — 66:

Int32 — p_sqldata_status

Status

0 — success
100 — end of cursor

Int32 — p_sqldata_messages

Count of rows following response (in practice, only 1 or 0)

A value of 0 indicates end-of-batch (fetch complete).Together with status 100, it also means end-of-cursor, otherwise there are more rows available for a next fetch.

Row data

The row data is not in a buffer like described in [wireprotocol-appendix-types], but as a sequence (0..1) of data rows with a special format, see [wireprotocol-reading-row-data].

You can also consider the row data not a part of the fetch response, but something that is sent after the fetch response.

The success response to [wireprotocol-statements-fetch] is not a single of op_fetch_response, but a sequence of op_fetch_response and row data.That is:

<op-fetch-response (status = 0, count = 1)>
<row-data>
<op-fetch-response (status = 0, count = 1)>
<row-data>
...
if end-of-cursor:
  <op-fetch-response (status = 100, count = 0)>
else:
  <op-fetch-response (status = 0, count = 0)>

Firebird may return fewer rows than requested in [wireprotocol-statements-fetch].

Slice response

Success response to [wireprotocol-arrays-getslice].

Caution

This might not reflect actual encoding in the protocol.

Response to [wireprotocol-arrays-getslice].

Int32 — p_operation: Operation code

If operation equals op_slice — 60:

Int32 — p_slr_length: Slice length
Int32: Slice length (possibly a buffer?, needs verification)
Buffer: Slice data

Dummy response

The server may occasionally send a “dummy” response.This is intended as a keep-alive feature, and is related to the DummyPacketInterval server setting and/or isc_dpb_dummy_packet_interval/isc_spb_dummy_packet_interval connection setting.

Though Firebird normally uses SO_KEEPALIVE (which is transparent to the client), clients must be able to handle the dummy response.The appropriate action is to read and ignore this response, and continue with the next response.

Int32 — p_operation: Operation code (op_dummy — 71)

Exit or disconnect command (aux connection)

Note	As far as we’re aware, this is only sent on the aux connection.It is similar to the disconnect request from client to server for the main connection.

Instructs the client to close the aux connection.

Int32 — p_operation: Operation code (op_exit — 2 or op_disconnect — 6)

After receiving this message, the client should close the aux connection.It’s generally only sent just before the main connection is closed.

Common requests

A few requests in the protocol have a common message format, where the operation code differs, and — possibly — the set of allowed values of other fields.

We describe the request format here, and describe the allowed values in the section for a specific request.

Generic information request

Client

Int32 — p_operation: Operation code (value depends on the actual operation)
Int32 — p_info_object: Object handle (e.g. statement, transaction, etc.)
Int32 — p_info_incarnation: Incarnation of object (0)

TODO: Usage and meaning?
Buffer — p_info_items: Requested information items

A list of requested information items (each byte is an information item), so-called SingleTpb items.Some operations may have items that do have values (e.g. isc_info_sql_sqlda_start of [wireprotocol-statements-information]).Most values are specific to the operation.

The list should end with isc_info_end — 1^[1].
Int32 — p_info_buffer_length: Length of buffer available for receiving response

In protocol 10, this is a signed Int16, encoded as Int32.
In protocol 11 and higher, this is an unsigned Int32.

For compatibility reasons, values greater than or equal to 4,294,901,760 (i.e. 0xFFFF_0000 or greater) are masked with 0xFFFF, so only the low 16 bits are used.

A too small value may lead to receiving a truncated buffer (last item is isc_info_truncated — 2 instead of isc_info_end — 1), which necessitates requesting information again with a larger size.Some operations may have additional mechanisms to handle truncation, like

The buffer in the response is sized to the actual length of the response (upto the declared available length), so specifying a larger than necessary size does not inflate the response on the wire.However, specifying an unnecessarily large size can lead to inefficiencies for the server.

Server

[wireprotocol-responses-generic] — on success, p_resp_data holds the requested information.

A truncated response is considered a success, and can only be determined by parsing p_resp_data.

Important

Information about how to parse the information buffer sent by the Firebird server can be found in the InterBase 6.0 documentation set

Establishing connection

This chapter describes how to connect to a database or service.Other operations on a database or service, or information specific to connecting to a database or service are documented in [wireprotocol-databases] and [wireprotocol-services].

Attaching to a database or service

In protocol 10 and 11, attachment to a database or service is done in two steps, first identification (connect) to the server, then attach to — or creation of — a database, or attach to a service.In protocol 13, this was changed to a more complex state machine to handle multiple authentication plugins, wire protocol encryption, and database encryption key callback.

In deviation of the normal description in this documentation, and previous versions of this documentation, we will first cover the individual messages, and then explain the order and logic of message exchange.

Identification (connect)

Requests connection to the server and specifies which protocol versions the client can use.

Int32 — p_operation

Operation code (op_connect — 1)

Int32 — p_cnct_operation

Unused, always use 0

Some implementations use op_attach — 19/op_service_attach — 82 for historic(?) reasons.

Int32 — p_cnct_cversion

Connect version:

`CONNECT_VERSION2` — `2`	user identification encoding is undefined (Firebird 1.0 — Firebird 2.5)
`CONNECT_VERSION3` — `3`	user identification is UTF-8 encoded (since Firebird 3.0 and higher, but backwards compatible as the version wasn’t checked before Firebird 3.0)

Int32 — p_cnct_client

Architecture type (e.g. arch_generic — 1).

String — p_cnct_file

Database path or alias

The encoding of this is undefined, which can lead to problems with non-ASCII paths if the server and client use a different encoding.

For a service connection, this value can be the service name (service_mgr or empty), or the “expected database” name (same value as isc_spb_expected_db).

Int32 — p_cnct_count

Count of protocol versions understood (e.g. 1).

Buffer — p_cnct_user_id

User identification

TODO: Needs further description

Important

The next block of data declares the protocol(s) that the client supports.It should be sent as many times as protocols are supported (and specified in p_cnct_count above).Values depend on the protocol.

If a client sends more than 10 (Firebird 5.0 and older) or 11 (Firebird 6.0) protocols, the surplus are ignored.

Int32 — p_cnct_version

Protocol version (e.g. PROTOCOL_VERSION10 — 10).

Protocol versions greater than `10` need to be OR'ed with `0x8000` for differentiation from newer InterBase protocol versions.
For example, `PROTOCOL_VERSION11` is `0x8000 | 11` or `32779` (`0x800B`)

Int32 — p_cnct_architecture

Architecture type (e.g. arch_generic — 1)

It is possible to use a different architecture value, but then connection is only possible with a server of the same architecture.In addition, it changes how responses and/or data needs to be parsed or encoded (the authors don’t know the exact details).In short, use arch_generic.

Int32 — p_cnct_min_type

Minimum type (e.g. ptype_batch_send — 3)

Connection type (ptype) values

`ptype_page` — `1`	Page server protocol (never supported in Firebird)
`ptype_rpc` — `2`	Simple remote procedure call (not supported since Firebird 3.0)
`ptype_batch_send` — `3`	Batch sends, no asynchrony
`ptype_out_of_band` — `4`	Batch sends w/ out of band notification (semantics not documented in this manual)
`ptype_lazy_send` — `5`	Deferred packets delivery

Int32 — p_cnct_max_type

Maximum type (e.g. ptype_lazy_send — 5)

If the client wants to set up wire compression, this ptype-code must be OR’ed with pflag_compress (0x100).See also Known p_acpt_type flags below.

Int32 — p_cnct_weight

Preference weight (e.g. 2).Higher values have higher preference.For equal weights, the last supported occurrence will be selected.

Simple accept

Specifies the protocol selected by the server.This response is — as far as we know — not sent if the server accepts protocol 13 or higher;then the extended Accept with data or conditional accept is sent instead.

Int32 — p_operation: Operation code

If operation equals op_accept — 3:

Int32 — p_acpt_version

Protocol version accepted by server

Int32 — p_acpt_architecture

Architecture for protocol

Int32 — p_acpt_type

Accepted type and additional flags.Obtain the type by masking with 0xFF (p_acpt_type & 0xFF).

Known p_acpt_type flags

`pflag_compress` — `0x100`	Turn on compression From client to server, it signals a request to use wire compression. From server to client, it is an acknowledgement, and wire compression must be enabled after reading this entire response, but before reading or writing any other messages.
`pflag_win_sspi_nego` — `0x200`	Win_SSPI supports Negotiate security package Only sent from server to client.

Failure response: [wireprotocol-responses-generic]

Accept with data or conditional accept

Introduced in protocol 13.

The op_accept_data — 94 and op_cond_accept — 98 responses start with the same fields as Simple accept, followed by additional fields for authentication and encryption purposes.

Int32 — p_operation: Operation code

If operation equals op_accept_data — 94 or op_cond_accept — 98:

Int32 — p_acpt_version: Protocol version number accepted by server
Int32 — p_acpt_architecture: Architecture for protocol
Int32 — p_acpt_type: Accepted type and additional flags.

See also p_acpt_type in op_accept message
Buffer — p_acpt_data: Authentication plugin data
String — p_acpt_plugin: Authentication plugin to continue with
Int32 — p_acpt_authenticated: Authentication complete in a single step (0 — false, 1 — true)

This will generally only be 1 if Legacy_Auth was tried first, though third-party authentication plugins might also authenticate in a single step.
Buffer — p_acpt_keys: “Keys” known by the server (used for configuring authentication and wire encryption)

Continue authentication

Introduced in protocol 13(?).

This message is used both by client and server to exchange authentication information.

Int32 — p_operation: Operation code (op_cont_auth — 92)
Buffer — p_data: Authentication data
String — p_name: Name of the current authentication plugin
String — p_list: On first authentication from client to server: list of (remaining) plugins known to the client, including the current plugin;
on subsequent authentication from client to server, or from server: empty

The list of plugin names can be separated by space, tab, comma or semicolon.
Buffer — p_keys: From client to server: empty;
from server to client: “keys” known by the server (used for configuring authentication and wire encryption)

Trusted authentication

Introduced in protocol 11.

Int32 — p_operation: Operation code (op_trusted_auth — 90)
Buffer — p_trau_data: Trusted authentication data

Database encryption key callback

Introduced in protocol 13.

Used to exchange information between the client and server parts of a database encryption plugin for the encryption key.The server sends this message, and the client responds with the same message type.Specifics of the message exchange depends on database encryption plugin.It is possible that multiple message of this type are exchanged.

In protocol 13, this message can only occur after authentication and — optionally — establishing wire protocol encryption.In protocol 15 and higher, it can also occur immediately after op_connect, if the database is its own security database and is encrypted.

If this message is received before op_accept/op_accept_data/op_cond_accept (so no protocol version has been confirmed yet), you need to assume protocol 15 behaviour for this message and the client response.

Int32 — p_operation: Operation code (op_crypt_key_callback — 97)
Buffer — p_cc_data: Crypt callback data

Additions in protocol 14

Int32 — p_cc_reply: Maximum expected reply size (16-bit signed integer encoded as 32-bit int)

Judging by the code in Firebird for protocol 14 and higher, this value may be negative, and should then be considered equivalent to 1.

From client to server, the reply size should be 0.

Enable wire encryption

Introduced in protocol 13.

Enables wire encryption by telling the server the selected plugin and key type.

Client

Int32 — p_operation: Operation code (op_crypt — 96)

String — p_pluginSelected wire encryption plugin

String — p_keySelected key type

After sending this message, the client must set up wire encryption both for sending and receiving data.Subsequent messages — including the server response to this message — must be sent or received with encryption enabled.

Server

[wireprotocol-responses-generic]

1. This is not required, at least not in recent Firebird versions. The server handles the end of the buffer without seeing isc_info_end as an implicit isc_info_end. However, we’re not sure if that was always the case, so for potential compatibility reasons, consider it “required”

Attachment to database or service

This message is used for:

Attaching to a database (op_attach — 19) — see also [wireprotocol-databases-attach]
Creating a database (op_create — 20) — see also [wireprotocol-databases-create]
Attaching to a service (op_service_attach — 82) — see also [wireprotocol-services-attach]

Client

Int32 — p_operation: Operation code (op_attach — 19, op_create — 20, or op_service_attach — 82)
Int32 — p_atch_database: Unused, always use 0
String — p_atch_file: Database path or alias, or service name (e.g. service_mgr).

If isc_dpb_utf8_filename is present in the database parameter buffer below, the encoding is UTF-8, otherwise, the encoding is undefined.The isc_dpb_utf8_filename item is supported since Firebird 2.5.
Buffer — p_atch_dpb: Database or service parameter buffer

Server

In protocol 10 and 11:

[wireprotocol-responses-generic]

In protocol 13 and higher:

It’s complicated.

Connection rejection

Server response rejecting the connection.This is usually sent if op_connect only sent protocols the server can’t support.

Int32 — p_operationOperation code (op_reject — 4)

If this message is received, the client should report error isc_connect_reject (335544421) or equivalent.

Connection handshake

Protocol 10 — 12

For protocol 10 — 12, the connection handshake is pretty simple.

Client → [wireprotocol-op-connect]
Server
- ← op_accept — 3 — Server accepts and reports selected protocol, continue with step 3
- ← op_reject — 4 — Server can’t fulfill the requested protocol
  - Report error isc_connect_reject (335544421) or equivalent
  - Close connection
- ← op_response — 9 — Error or other problem
  - If p_resp_status_vector has an error, report it, otherwise report error isc_login (335544472) or equivalent
  - Close connection
Client → Attachment to database or service with op_attach, op_create or op_service_attach
Server ← op_response — 9
- If p_resp_status_vector has no error or only a warning, connection is successful and can be used for other operations
- Otherwise, connection is unsuccessful
  - Report error
  - Close connection (client → [wireprotocol-connect-disconnect])

Protocol 13 and higher

For protocol 13 and higher, the handshake is more complex.

Note	This might not be the best way to document the connection handshake.We’re open to suggestions.

Client → [wireprotocol-op-connect]

The p_user_identification should include:
- CNCT_plugin_name with the current authentication plugin
- CNCT_plugin_list with the authentication plugins supported by the client (including the current plugin);this list is separated by space, comma or semicolon
- CNCT_specific_data with authentication plugin data (NOTE: this tag has a special “multipart” encoding as the data is generally longer than the 255 bytes supported for a single tag value)
Server
- ← op_crypt_key_callback — 97 (read as protocol 15)
  - Client → [wireprotocol-op-crypt-key-callback] (write as protocol 15) and continue with step 2
- ← op_accept — 3 — Record selected protocol and type, continue with step 5 (attach)
- ← op_accept_data — 94 or op_cond_accept — 98
  
  Record the selected protocol and type, and use that for sending and receiving subsequent messages.Enable wire compression if acknowledged by server.
  
  If p_acpt_authenticated == 1, mark authentication completed
  - If op_accept_data — 94, process the data, plugin and keys, and continue with step 5 (attach)
  - If op_cond_accept — 98, continue with step 3 (pre-attach-auth), item for op_cond_accept
- ← op_reject — 4 — Server can’t accept any of the protocols or protocol options
  - report error isc_connect_reject (335544421) or equivalent
  - close connection
- ← op_response — 9 — Error or other problem
  - If p_resp_status_vector has an error, report it, otherwise report error isc_login (335544472) or equivalent
  - close connection (end of this flow)
Server — pre-attach auth

If the requested authentication plugin name (p_acpt_plugin/p_name) is non-empty and different from the current authentication plugin name, switch to that authentication plugin.

If the client cannot fulfill the server request for an authentication plugin or has no current authentication plugin, error isc_login (335544472) or equivalent should be reported, and the connection closed (end of this flow)

If coming from step 2, treat this as if op_cond_accept was just received.
- ← op_cond_accept — 98: process p_acpt_data, p_acpt_plugin and p_acpt_keys, and continue with step 4
- ← op_cont_auth — 92: process p_data, p_name (plugin name) and p_keys, and continue with step 4
- ← op_crypt_key_callback — 97
  - Client → [wireprotocol-op-crypt-key-callback] and continue with step 3 (pre-attach auth)
- ← op_trusted_auth — 90 (not documented yet, probably only post-attach auth with protocol 11 and 12(?))
- ← op_response — 9
  - If p_resp_statusvector has an error, report it and close the connection (end of this flow)
  - Otherwise, this signals pre-attach auth (or post-attach auth) completed
    
    Process keys from p_resp_data
    
    If authentication was not previously completed, and wire encryption is not disabled, set up wire encryption
    
    Client → [wireprotocol-op-crypt]
    
    Set up wire encryption on incoming and outgoing stream
    
    Server ← op_response — 9: if p_resp_statusvector has error, report it and close connection ([wireprotocol-connect-disconnect]), (end of flow)
    
    Mark authentication completed
  - Continue with step 5 (attach);
    or if used as post-attach auth, attach successfully completed (end of flow)
Client — pre-attach auth → [wireprotocol-op-cont-auth] with:
- p_data — authentication plugin data
- p_name — current authentication plugin
- p_list — list of remaining authentication plugins, including current plugin (separated by space, comma, or semicolon)
  
  This only needs to be sent once;for subsequent messages an empty buffer can be sent.
Continue with step 3 (Server — pre-attach auth)
Client — attach → Attachment to database or service with op_attach, op_create or op_service_attach

If authentication was not yet complete at this point (as far as we know, only when op_accept — 3 or op_accept_data — 94 was received in the previous step), and protocol 13 or higher was selected, the database or service parameter buffer should include the following tags:

If protocol 13 or higher is used, the “wide” parameter buffer variant (isc_dpb_version2/isc_spb_version3 or higher) must be used given the size of the client authentication data (…_specific_auth_data).
- isc_dpb_auth_plugin_list/isc_spb_auth_plugin_list — with remaining authentication plugins (separated by space, comma or semicolon)
- isc_dpb_auth_plugin_name/isc_spb_auth_plugin_name — current authentication plugin
- isc_dpb_specific_auth_data/isc_spb_specific_auth_data — client authentication data
It should not include any of these tags (if protocol 13 or higher):
- isc_dpb_password/isc_spb_password
- isc_dpb_password_enc/isc_spb_password_enc
- isc_dpb_trusted_auth/isc_spb_trusted_auth
Server/client — post-attach auth

This is the same as steps 3 and 4 (pre-attach auth), except op_cond_accept cannot occur, and its “Continue with step 5 (attach)” should be read as “Connection successful (end of flow)” (also noted there).

If the pre-attach auth flow was previously entered, this will essentially be only an op_response — 9 with either an error or acceptance (connection success).

Detach

Detaches from the database (op_detach — 21) or service (op_service_detach — 83).After detach the connection is still open, to disconnect send Disconnect (op_disconnect).

Client

Int32 — p_operation: Operation code (op_detach — 21, or op_service_detach — 83)
Int32 — p_rlse_object: Unused, always use 0

Server

[wireprotocol-responses-generic]

Disconnect

Client

Int32 — p_operation: Operation code (op_disconnect)

Server

No response, remote socket close.

Closing the connection (socket) without sending an op_disconnect will result in “Connection reset by peer” (error 10054 (Windows) or 104 (Linux)) in firebird.log.

Databases

Attach database

Attach to an existing database.Use message [wireprotocol-connect-attach] with op_attach — 19.

Table 1. Example of parameters sent in the DPB
Parameter	Description	Value	Optional
`isc_dpb_version1`	Version (must be first item!)
`isc_dpb_dummy_packet_interval`	Dummy packet interval	120	*
`isc_dpb_sql_dialect`	SQL dialect	3
`isc_dpb_lc_ctype`	Character set	UTF8
`isc_dpb_sql_role_name`	User role	RDB$ADMIN	*
`isc_dpb_connect_timeout`	Connection timeout	10	*
`isc_dpb_user_name`	User name	SYSDBA
`isc_dpb_password`	User password	masterkey

Create database

Create a database and connect to it.Create uses [wireprotocol-connect-attach] with p_operation op_create — 20.

There are a number of DPB items to configure the newly created database, including page size (isc_dpb_page_size) — which cannot be modified after creation.

The `CREATE DATABASE` statement

Although Firebird has a CREATE DATABASE statement, the documented syntax is not fully supported by Firebird server.Part of the syntax (e.g. database name, user, password, page size) are parsed by fbclient to execute the op_create (or equivalent for embedded).

After the database is successfully created, fbclient then uses execute immediate (op_execute_immediate) without transaction to execute a reduced CREATE DATABASE statement for additional configuration of the database.

Drop

Drops the currently attached database.

Client

Int32 — p_operation: Operation code (op_drop_database)
Int32 — p_rlse_object: Unused, always use 0

Server

[wireprotocol-responses-generic]

Detach and disconnect

Send [wireprotocol-connect-detach] with op_detach — 21, followed by [wireprotocol-connect-disconnect].

Database information request

Requests database or server information.

Uses the [wireprotocol-requests-info] message with:

`p_operation`	`op_info_database` — `40`
`p_info_object`	Unused, always use `0`
`p_info_items`	Values of enum `db_info_types` in Firebird’s `inf_pub.h`.

Cancellation

Protocol 12 and higher.

Cancels a running operation on the server.

Note	Operation `fb_cancel_abort` — `4` should not be sent to the server, but instead the client should simply close the socket connection.

Client

Int32 — p_operation

Operation code (op_cancel)

Int32 — p_co_kind

Cancellation kind, one of:

fb_cancel_disable — 1: disable cancellation until fb_cancel_enable is sent
fb_cancel_enable — 2: enable cancellation if it was disabled previously
fb_cancel_raise — 3: cancel current operation
fb_cancel_abort — 4: See note above, this kind should not be sent to the server.

As cancellation is generally performed asynchronously to be effective, the client implementation must take special care how the operation is sent.

For example, if you use a lock for socket operations, this operation will need to ignore it (running the risk of interfering/corrupting another send operation), or you need to split your locks in a lock for writing, and a lock for reading, or have some other way of detecting that another thread is not currently sending data.

Server

No formal response, cancellation is signalled as a [wireprotocol-responses-generic] with a failure for the cancelled operation.

Transactions

Start transaction

Starts a transaction with the transaction options specified in the transaction parameter buffer.

Client

Int32 — p_operation: Operation code (op_transaction — 29)
Int32 — p_sttr_database: Unused, always use 0
Buffer — p_sttr_tpb: Transaction parameter buffer

Server

[wireprotocol-responses-generic] — on success, p_resp_object is the new transaction handle.

The `SET TRANSACTION` statement

Instead of using op_transaction to start a transaction, it is also possible to use the SET TRANSACTION statement.

This statement needs to be executed with execute immediate (op_execute_immediate) without transaction.On success, the p_resp_object holds the transaction handle.

Deviations for protocol version 11

Request flushing and response processing can be deferred.

If ptype_batch_send or higher is used, other transaction operations can be sent immediately after starting the transaction.They can use the invalid object handle (0xFFFF) instead of the — not yet received — transaction handle.This probably only makes sense for [wireprotocol-transactions-info].

Commit transaction

Commits an active or prepared transaction.

Client

Int32 — p_operation: Operation code (op_commit — 30)
Int32 — p_rlse_object: Transaction handle

Server

[wireprotocol-responses-generic]

Rollback transaction

Rolls back an active or prepared transaction.

Client

Int32 — p_operation: Operation code (op_rollback — 31)
Int32 — p_rlse_object: Transaction handle

Server

[wireprotocol-responses-generic]

Commit retaining

Commits an active or prepared transaction, retaining the transaction context.

Client

Int32 — p_operation: Operation code (op_commit_retaining — 50)
Int32 — p_rlse_object: Transaction handle

Server

[wireprotocol-responses-generic]

Rollback retaining

Rolls back an active or prepared transaction, retaining the transaction context.

Client

Int32 — p_operation: Operation code (op_rollback_retaining — 86)
Int32 — p_rlse_object: Transaction handle

Server

[wireprotocol-responses-generic]

Prepare

Performs the first stage of a two-phase commit.After prepare, a transaction is in-limbo until committed or rolled back.

Simple prepare

Client

Int32 — p_operation: Operation code (op_prepare — 32)
Int32 — p_rlse_object: Transaction handle

Server

[wireprotocol-responses-generic]

Prepare with message

Associates a message (byte data) with the prepared transaction.This information is stored in RDB$TRANSACTIONS and can be used for recovery purposes.

Client

Int32 — p_operation: Operation code (op_prepare2 — 51)
Int32 — p_prep_transaction: Transaction handle
Buffer — p_prep_data: Recovery information

Server

[wireprotocol-responses-generic]

Reconnect transaction

Reconnects a prepared (“in-limbo”) transaction for 2-phase commit or rollback.

This operation can be used for recovery operations if a connection was closed or killed after preparing a transaction, but not yet committing or rolling it back.

Client

Int32 — p_operation: Operation code (op_reconnect — 33)
Int32 — p_sttr_database: Unused, always use 0
Buffer — p_sttr_tpb: Transaction id to reconnect, encoded in little-endian.

For Firebird 2.5 and lower, always 4 bytes (Int32 little-endian).

For Firebird 3.0 and higher, transaction ids greater than 0x7FFF_FFFF (2³¹ - 1) must be encoded in 8 bytes (Int64 little-endian), while smaller ids may be encoded in 4 bytes (Int32 little-endian).

This encoding is atypical, as it’s essentially a transaction parameter buffer without version or item tags.

Server

[wireprotocol-responses-generic] — on success, p_resp_object holds the transaction handle.

Deviations for protocol version 11

Request flushing and response processing can be deferred.

If ptype_batch_send or higher is used, other transaction operations can be sent immediately after reconnecting the transaction.They can use the invalid object handle (0xFFFF) instead of the — not yet received — transaction handle.

Transaction information request

Requests information on the transaction bound to the transaction handle.

Uses the [wireprotocol-requests-info] message with:

`p_operation`	`op_info_transaction` — `42`
`p_info_object`	Transaction handle
`p_info_items`	Values of constants in Firebird’s `inf_pub.h` starting with `isc_info_tra_` or `fbinfo_tra_`.

Statements

Allocate

Allocates a statement handle on the server.

Client

Int32 — p_operation: Operation code (op_allocate_statement — 62)
Int32 — p_rlse_object: Unused, always use 0

Server

[wireprotocol-responses-generic] — on success, p_resp_object is the allocated statement handle.

Deviations for protocol version 11

In protocol 11 and higher with ptype_lazy_send, the response to op_allocate_statement is deferred;it requires another operation on the connection before the response is sent.

In general, this means the allocate operation should be sent together with a prepare operation using the invalid object handle (0xFFFF).

Statement information request

Requests information on the statement prepared on the statement handle, including information on its input parameters and output columns or parameters, or information on the server-side statement handle itself.

Uses the [wireprotocol-requests-info] message with:

`p_operation`	`op_info_sql` — `70`
`p_info_object`	Statement handle
`p_info_items`	Values of constants in Firebird’s `inf_pub.h` starting with `isc_info_sql_`.

Free

Frees resources held by the statement.

Client

Int32 — p_operation

Operation code (op_free_statement — 67)

Int32 — p_sqlfree_statement

Statement handle

Int32 — p_sqlfree_option

`DSQL_close` — `1`	Closes the cursor opened after statement execute.
`DSQL_drop` — `2`	Releases the statement handle.
`DSQL_unprepare` — `4`	Firebird 2.5 or higher Close resources associated with statement handle, and unprepares the current statement text.The statement handle itself is retained. It is not necessary to unprepare before preparing a new statement text on the same handle.

The server treats these as flag values, so they can be combined with OR, but doing so makes little sense, as an unprepare also closes the cursor, and a drop effectively closes the cursor and unprepares the current statement text.

Server

[wireprotocol-responses-generic]

Deviations for protocol version 11

Request flushing can be deferred for ptype_batch_send or higher.For ptype_lazy_send, the response to op_free_statement is deferred;it requires another operation on the connection before the response is sent.

For DSQL_drop and DSQL_unprepare, we recommend flushing immediately so the server at least processes the request, which will prevent longer than necessary retention of metadata locks.

Prepare

Client

Int32 — p_operation

Operation code (op_prepare_statement — 68)

Int32 — p_sqlst_transaction

Transaction handle

Int32 — p_sqlst_statement

Statement handle

Int32 — p_sqlst_SQL_dialect

SQL dialect (1 or 3)

This should generally match the connection dialect.

String — p_sqlst_SQL_str

Statement to be prepared

Buffer — p_sqlst_items

Statement information items, including describe and describe bind

Example of requested information items

isc_info_sql_select
isc_info_sql_describe_vars
isc_info_sql_sqlda_seq
isc_info_sql_type
isc_info_sql_sub_type
isc_info_sql_length
isc_info_sql_scale
isc_info_sql_field
isc_info_sql_relation

Int32 — p_sqlst_buffer_length

Target buffer length for information response

See also the description of p_info_buffer_length in [wireprotocol-requests-info].

Server

[wireprotocol-responses-generic] — on success, p_resp_data holds the statement description (matching the requested information items)

For statements with a lot of columns and/or parameters, it may be necessary to handle truncation of the buffer by repeating the describe and/or describe bind information request using [wireprotocol-statements-information] and using isc_info_sql_sqlda_start to inform the server from which column or parameter to continue.

For an example, see Jaybird’s StatementInfoProcessor.handleTruncatedInfo(…).

Deviations for protocol version 11

The statement handle can no longer be allocated separately (or at least, its response is deferred).The initial [wireprotocol-statements-allocate] operation must be sent together with the first prepare operation.When allocating and preparing together, the value of the statement handle of the prepare message must be 0xFFFF (invalid object handle).The responses must be processed in order: first allocate response, then prepare response.

Once a statement handle has been allocated, it can be reused by sending a prepare message with its statement handle.

Describe

Requesting a description of output parameters (columns) of a query is done using the statement information request message

Example of requested information items

isc_info_sql_select
isc_info_sql_describe_vars
isc_info_sql_sqlda_seq
isc_info_sql_type
isc_info_sql_sub_type
isc_info_sql_length
isc_info_sql_scale
isc_info_sql_field
isc_info_sql_relation

The initial request can be done as part of [wireprotocol-statements-prepare].The information can be requested together with [wireprotocol-statements-describe-bind].

Describe bind (input parameters)

Describe of input parameters of a query is done using the statement information request message

Example of requested information items

isc_info_sql_select
isc_info_sql_describe_vars
isc_info_sql_sqlda_seq
isc_info_sql_type
isc_info_sql_sub_type
isc_info_sql_length
isc_info_sql_scale
isc_info_sql_field
isc_info_sql_relation

The initial request can be done as part of [wireprotocol-statements-prepare].The information can be requested together with [wireprotocol-statements-describe].

Execute

Client

Int32 — p_operation

Operation code

`op_execute` — `62`	DDL and DML statements
`op_execute2` — `76`	Executable stored procedures with return values, or singleton `RETURNING` (i.e. statements described as `isc_info_sql_stmt_exec_procedure`)

Int32 — p_sqldata_statement

Statement handle

Int32 — p_sqldata_transaction

Transaction handle

Buffer — p_sqldata_blr

Parameters in BLR format

If there are no parameters, send a zero-length buffer.

Int32 — p_sqldata_message_number

Unused, always use 0

Int32 — p_sqldata_messages

Number of messages — 1 if there are parameters, 0 if there are no parameters

Buffer — no name

Parameter values

If p_sqldata_messages is 0, this buffer must not be sent (not even as a zero-length buffer)

TODO: Might not even be a buffer, verify.

If using op_execute2 — 76 (the statement is a stored procedure and there are output parameters):

Buffer — p_sqldata_out_blr: Output parameters in BLR format
Int32 — p_sqldata_out_message_number: Output message number (0) ??

Additions in protocol 16

UInt32 — p_sqldata_timeout: Statement timeout value in milliseconds (0 — use connection-level statement timeout)

Additions in protocol 18

UInt32 — p_sqldata_cursor_flags

Cursor flags

CURSOR_TYPE_SCROLLABLE — 0x01

request scrollable cursor

Additions in protocol 19

UInt32-- p_sqldata_inline_blob_size: Maximum inline blob size

A value of 0 disables inline blobs.The server may use a lower limit than requested.In the Firebird 5.0.3 and Firebird 6 implementation at the time of writing, the server has a maximum of 65535 bytes.

TODO: Describe op_inline_blob somewhere

Server

For op_execute — 63:

[wireprotocol-responses-generic]

For op_execute2 — 76:

Success response: [wireprotocol-responses-sql] followed by [wireprotocol-responses-generic]

Failure response: only [wireprotocol-responses-generic]

Rows affected by query execution

Obtaining the rows affected by a query is done using the statement information request message

List of requested information items

isc_info_sql_records

Fetch

Client

Int32 — p_operation: Operation code (op_fetch — 65)
Int32 — p_sqldata_statement: Statement handle
Buffer — p_sqldata_blr: Output parameters in BLR format

Only needs to be sent on first fetch;subsequent fetches can send a zero-length buffer.
Int32 — p_sqldata_message_number: Message number (always 0)
Int32 — p_sqldata_messages: Message count/fetch size (e.g. 200)

The server may decide to return fewer rows than requested, even if the end-of-cursor wasn’t reached yet.

Server

Success response: one or more [wireprotocol-responses-fetch]

Failure response: [wireprotocol-responses-generic] — with an error in p_resp_status_vector

It is possible to receive [wireprotocol-responses-generic] with an error in the status vector after one or more fetch responses.

Set cursor name

Client

Int32 — p_operation: Operation code (op_set_cursor — 69)
Int32 — p_sqlcur_statement: Statement handle
String — p_sqlcur_cursor_name: Cursor name (null terminated!)
Int32 — p_sqlcur_type: Cursor type

Reserved for future use, always use 0.

Server

[wireprotocol-responses-generic]

Blobs

Create/Open

Client

Int32 — p_operation

Operation code

`op_create_blob` — `34`	Creates a new blob
`op_create_blob2` — `57`	Creates a new blob with a blob parameter buffer
`op_open_blob` — `35`	Opens an existing blob
`op_open_blob2` — `56`	Opens an existing blob with a blob parameter buffer

Buffer — p_blob_bpb

Blob parameter buffer

Only sent for op_create_blob2 — 57 and op_open_blob2 — 56.

Int32 — p_blob_transaction

Transaction handle

Int64 — p_blob_id

Blob ID

Server

[wireprotocol-responses-generic] — on success

p_resp_object is the blob handle
p_resp_blob_id is the blob id (for op_create_blob --35/ op_create_blob2 — 57)

Deviations for protocol version 11

Request flushing and response processing can be deferred.

If ptype_batch_send or higher is used, other blob operations can be sent immediately after the open/create.They can use the invalid object handle (0xFFFF) instead of the — not yet received — blob handle.

Get segment

Client

Int32 — p_operation: Operation code (op_get_segment — 36)
Int32 — p_sgmt_blob: Blob handle
Int32 — p_sgmt_length: Segment length

Maximum length is 32767 for Firebird 2.5 and older, 65535 for Firebird 3.0 and higher.
Buffer — p_sgmt_segment: Always a zero-length buffer

Server

[wireprotocol-responses-generic] — on success, p_resp_data is the blob segment

The response buffer in p_resp_data contains zero or more segments.Each segment starts with 2-bytes for the length (little-endian), followed by that length of data.

Deviations for protocol version 11

Request flushing and response processing can be deferred.

If ptype_batch_send or higher is used, op_get_segment can be batched with [wireprotocol-blobs-create] (and other blob operations) by using the invalid object handle (0xFFFF).

Put segment

Client

Int32 — p_operation: Operation code (op_put_segment — 37)
Int32 — p_sgmt_blob: Blob handle
Int32 — p_sgmt_length: Length of segment data (effectively ignored; possibly only in recent Firebird versions)
Buffer — p_sgmt_segment: Blob segment

If the blob was created as a segmented blob, the maximum length is 32765 (Firebird 2.5 and older) or 65533 (Firebird 3.0 and higher).

For stream blobs, there is no length limitation other than the maximum buffer length (TODO: verify, might only be for recent versions).

Server

[wireprotocol-responses-generic]

Deviations for protocol version 11

Request flushing and response processing can be deferred.

If ptype_batch_send or higher is used, op_put_segment can be batched with [wireprotocol-blobs-create] (and other blob operations) by using the invalid object handle (0xFFFF).

Batch segments

Similar to [wireprotocol-blobs-putsegment], but allows to send multiple segments.

Client

Int32 — p_operation: Operation code (op_batch_segments — 44)
Int32 — p_sgmt_blob: Blob handle
Int32 — p_sgmt_length: Length of segment data (effectively ignored; possibly only in recent Firebird versions)
Buffer — p_sgmt_segment: Blob segments

The buffer can contain one or more segments, which are prefixed with 2 bytes of length (little-endian), followed by the data.The maximum length per segment is 32765 (Firebird 2.5 and older) or 65533 (Firebird 3.0 and higher).

Server

[wireprotocol-responses-generic]

Deviations for protocol version 11

Request flushing and response processing can be deferred.

If ptype_batch_send or higher is used, op_batch_segment can be batched with [wireprotocol-blobs-create] (and other blob operations) by using the invalid object handle (0xFFFF).

Seek

Seek is only supported for blobs that were created as a stream blob.Seek is not fully supported for blobs longer than 2 GiB (4 GiB?).

Client

Int32 — p_operation

Operation code (op_seek_blob — 61)

Int32 — p_seek_blob

Blob handle

Int32 — p_seek_mode

Seek mode

`blb_seek_from_head` — `0`	absolute seek from start of blob
`blb_seek_relative` — `1`	relative seek from current position
`blb_seek_from_tail` — `2`	absolute seek from end of blob

Int32 — p_seek_offset

Offset

Server

[wireprotocol-responses-generic] — on success, p_resp_object is the current position.

Deviations for protocol version 11

Request flushing and response processing can be deferred.

If ptype_batch_send or higher is used, op_seek_blob can be batched with [wireprotocol-blobs-create] (and other blob operations) by using the invalid object handle (0xFFFF).

Cancel

Cancels and invalidates the blob handle.If this was a newly created blob, the blob is disposed.

Client

Int32 — p_operation: Operation code (op_cancel_blob — 38)
Int32 — p_rlse_object: Blob handle

Server

[wireprotocol-responses-generic]

Deviations for protocol version 11

Request flushing and response processing can be deferred.

If ptype_batch_send or higher is used, op_cancel_blob can be batched with [wireprotocol-blobs-create] (and other blob operations) by using the invalid object handle (0xFFFF).Though doing this probably makes little sense for op_cancel_blob.

Close

Closes and invalidates the blob handle.

Client

Int32 — p_operation: Operation code (op_close_blob — 39)
Int32 — p_rlse_object: Blob handle

Server

[wireprotocol-responses-generic]

Deviations for protocol version 11

Request flushing and response processing can be deferred.

If ptype_batch_send or higher is used, op_close_blob can be batched with [wireprotocol-blobs-create] (and other blob operations) by using the invalid object handle (0xFFFF).

Arrays

Get slice

Client

Int32 — p_operation: Operation code (op_get_slice — 58)
Int32 — p_slc_transaction: Transaction handle
Int64 — p_slc_id: Array handle
Int32 — p_slc_length: Slice length
Buffer — p_slc_sdl: Slice descriptor (SDL)
Buffer — p_slc_parameters: Slice parameters (always empty?, needs verification)
Buffer — p_slc_slice: Slice data (always empty)

Server

Success response: [wireprotocol-responses-slice]

Failure response: [wireprotocol-responses-generic]

Put slice

Client

Int32 — p_operation: Operation code (op_put_slice — 59)
Int32 — p_slc_transaction: transaction handle
Int64 — p_slc_id: Array handle
Int32 — p_slc_length: Slice length
Buffer — p_slc_sdl: Slice descriptor (SDL)
Buffer — p_slc_parameters: Slice parameters (always empty?, needs verification)
Buffer` — p_slc_slice: Slice data

Server

[wireprotocol-responses-generic] — on success, p_resp_blob_id is the array handle.

Batches

Statement batches were introduced in protocol 16 (Firebird 4.0).

Create

Client

Int32 — p_operation: Operation code (op_batch_create — 99)
Int32 — p_batch_statement: Statement handle
Buffer — p_batch_blr: BLR format of batch messages
UInt32 — p_batch_msglen: Message length
Buffer — p_batch_pb: Batch parameters buffer

If ptype_lazy or higher, flushing and response processing can be deferred.

Server

[wireprotocol-responses-generic]

Send messages

Client

Int32 — p_operation: Operation code (op_batch_msg — 100)
Int32 — p_batch_statement: Statement handle
UInt32 — p_batch_messages: Number of messages
Buffer — p_batch_data: Batched values (formatted message repeats 'Number of messages' times)

Server

[wireprotocol-responses-generic]

Execute batch

Client

Int32 — p_operation: Operation code (op_batch_exec — 101)
Int32 — p_batch_statement: Statement handle
Int32 — p_batch_transaction: Transaction handle

Server

Success response:

Int32 — p_operation: Operation code

If operation equals op_batch_cs — 103`:

Batch completion state

Int32 — p_batch_statement: Statement handle
UInt32 — p_batch_reccount: Total records count
UInt32 — p_batch_updates: Number of update counters (records updated per each message)
UInt32 — p_batch_vectors: Number of per-message error blocks (message number in batch and status vector of an error processing it)
UInt32 — p_batch_errors: Number of simplified per-message error blocks (message number in batch without status vector)
Byte[]: Update counters (records updated per each message), array of Int32, length is equal to p_batch_updates

Length is p_batch_updates * 4 bytes long.
Byte[]: Detailed info about errors in batch (for each error server sends number of message (Int32) and status vector in standard way (exactly like in op_response).Number of such pairs is equal to p_batch_vectors.

Length can only be determined by correctly parsing the <Int32><statusvector> pairs.
Byte[]: Simplified error blocks (for each error server sends number of message (Int32) w/o status vector).Used when too many errors took place.Number of elements is equal to p_batch_errors.

Length is p_batch_errors * 4 bytes.

Failure response: [wireprotocol-responses-generic]

Release batch

Client

Int32 — p_operation: Operation code (op_batch_rls — 102)
Int32 — p_batch_statement: Statement handle

Server

[wireprotocol-responses-generic]

Cancel batch

Client

Int32 — p_operation: Operation code (op_batch_cancel — 109)
Int32 — p_batch_statement: Statement handle

Server

[wireprotocol-responses-generic]

Sync batch

Introduced in protocol 17 (Firebird 4.0.1).

Used to force the server to acknowledge previously sent lazy intermediate operations (e.g. op_batch_msg, op_batch_regblob, op_batch_blob_stream and possibly others).

Client

Int32 — p_operation: Operation code (op_batch_sync — 110)

Server

[wireprotocol-responses-generic]

Set default blob parameters

Client

Int32 — p_operation: Operation code (op_batch_set_bpb — 106)
Int32 — p_batch_statement: Statement handle
Buffer — p_batch_blob_bpb: Default BLOB parameter buffer

Server

[wireprotocol-responses-generic]

Register existing blob

Client

Int32 — p_operation: Operation code (op_batch_regblob — 104)
Int32 — p_batch_statement: Statement handle
Int64 — p_batch_exist_id: Existing BLOB ID
Int64 — p_batch_blob_id: Batch temporary BLOB ID

Server

[wireprotocol-responses-generic]

Stream of BLOB data

Caution

This description needs further verification and possibly correction.For example, it seems to mix up Buffer and Byte[].We’re also not able to match some fields to the implementation.For example, the repeated "Record length" seems to be absent, or may actually refer to the p_batch_blob_data buffer length.

Client

Int32 — p_operation

Operation code (op_batch_blob_stream)

Int32 — p_batch_statement

Statement handle

Buffer[] — p_batch_blob_data

BLOB stream

This stream is a sequence of blob records.Each blob records contains:

UInt32: Record length

The following three fields are called BLOB header
Int64: Batch temporary BLOB ID
UInt32: BLOB size
UInt32: BLOB parameters buffer size
Buffer: BLOB parameters buffer
Buffer: BLOB data (length - BLOB size bytes) (what does this mean?)

BLOB headers and records in a stream need not match, i.e. one record may contain many BLOBs and BLOB may stretch from one record to next.

Server

[wireprotocol-responses-generic]

Batch information request

Uses the [wireprotocol-requests-info] message with:

`p_operation`	`op_info_batch` — `111`
`p_info_object`	Statement handle
`p_info_items`	Values of `INF_` constants of `IBatch` (in `IdlFbInterfaces.h`)

Services

Attach

Attach to a service.Use message [wireprotocol-connect-attach] with op_service_attach — 82.

Note on `p_atch_file`:

Current Firebird versions only support one service: service_mgr.Since Firebird 3.0, this can also be an empty string (empty buffer) with the same meaning.

Detach

Send [wireprotocol-connect-detach] with op_service_detach — 83, followed by [wireprotocol-connect-disconnect].

Start

Although the message looks similar to [wireprotocol-requests-info], it has different semantics.

Client

Int32 — p_operation: Operation code (op_service_start — 85)
Int32 — p_info_object: Unused, always use 0
Int32 — p_info_incarnation: Incarnation of object (0)

TODO: Usage and meaning?
Buffer — p_info_items: Service parameter buffer

Server

[wireprotocol-responses-generic]

Query service

Although the message looks similar to [wireprotocol-requests-info], it has different semantics.

Client

Int32 — p_operation: Operation code (op_service_info — 84)
Int32 — p_info_object: Unused, always use 0
Int32 — p_info_incarnation: Incarnation of object (0)

TODO: Usage and meaning?
Buffer — p_info_items: Service parameter buffer
Buffer — p_info_recv_items: Requested information items
Int32 — p_info_buffer_length: Requested information items buffer length

Server

[wireprotocol-responses-generic] — on success, p_resp_data contains the requested information.

External Data Representation (XDR)

External Data Representation (XDR)

Data types

Revision history

Common responses

Generic response

SQL response

Fetch response

Slice response

Dummy response

Exit or disconnect command (aux connection)

Common requests

Generic information request

Client

Server

Establishing connection

Attaching to a database or service

Identification (connect)

Simple accept

Accept with data or conditional accept

Continue authentication

Trusted authentication

Database encryption key callback

Additions in protocol 14

Enable wire encryption

Client

Server

Attachment to database or service

Client

Server

Connection rejection

Connection handshake

Protocol 10 — 12

Protocol 13 and higher

Detach

Client

Server

Disconnect

Client

Server

Databases

Attach database

Create database

The CREATE DATABASE statement

Drop

Client

Server

Detach and disconnect

Database information request

Cancellation

Client

Server

Transactions

Start transaction

Client

Server

The SET TRANSACTION statement

Deviations for protocol version 11

Commit transaction

Client

Server

Rollback transaction

Client

Server

Commit retaining

Client

Server

Rollback retaining

Client

Server

Prepare

Simple prepare

Client

Server

Prepare with message

Client

Server

Reconnect transaction

Client

Server

The `CREATE DATABASE` statement

The `SET TRANSACTION` statement