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 Data Manipulation (DML) StatementsBuilt-in Scalar Functions 

BEGIN …​ END

Delimits a block of statements

Syntax
<block> ::=
  BEGIN
    [<compound_statement> ...]
  END

<compound_statement> ::= {<block> | <statement>}

The BEGIN …​ END construct is a two-part statement that wraps a block of statements that are executed as one unit of code.Each block starts with the keyword BEGIN and ends with the keyword END.Blocks can be nested a maximum depth of 512 nested blocks.A block can be empty, allowing them to act as stubs, without the need to write dummy statements.

The BEGIN …​ END itself should not be followed by a statement terminator (semicolon).However, when defining or altering a PSQL module in the isql utility, that application requires that the last END statement be followed by its own terminator character, that was previously switched — using SET TERM — to a string other than a semicolon.That terminator is not part of the PSQL syntax.

The final, or outermost, END statement in a trigger terminates the trigger.What the final END statement does in a stored procedure depends on the type of procedure:

  • In a selectable procedure, the final END statement returns control to the caller, returning SQLCODE 100, indicating that there are no more rows to retrieve

  • In an executable procedure, the final END statement returns control to the caller, along with the current values of any output parameters defined.

BEGIN …​ END Examples

A sample procedure from the employee.fdb database, showing simple usage of BEGIN …​ END blocks:
SET TERM ^;
CREATE OR ALTER PROCEDURE DEPT_BUDGET (
  DNO CHAR(3))
RETURNS (
  TOT DECIMAL(12,2))
AS
  DECLARE VARIABLE SUMB DECIMAL(12,2);
  DECLARE VARIABLE RDNO CHAR(3);
  DECLARE VARIABLE CNT  INTEGER;
BEGIN
  TOT = 0;

  SELECT BUDGET
  FROM DEPARTMENT
  WHERE DEPT_NO = :DNO
  INTO :TOT;

  SELECT COUNT(BUDGET)
  FROM DEPARTMENT
  WHERE HEAD_DEPT = :DNO
  INTO :CNT;

  IF (CNT = 0) THEN
    SUSPEND;

  FOR SELECT DEPT_NO
    FROM DEPARTMENT
    WHERE HEAD_DEPT = :DNO
    INTO :RDNO
  DO
  BEGIN
    EXECUTE PROCEDURE DEPT_BUDGET(:RDNO)
      RETURNING_VALUES :SUMB;
    TOT = TOT + SUMB;
  END

  SUSPEND;
END^
SET TERM ;^
See also

[fblangref50-psql-exit], SET TERM

IF …​ THEN …​ ELSE

Conditional branching

Syntax
IF (<condition>)
  THEN <compound_statement>
  [ELSE <compound_statement>]
Table 1. IF …​ THEN …​ ELSE Parameters
Argument Description

condition

A logical condition returning TRUE, FALSE or UNKNOWN

compound_statement

A single statement, or statements wrapped in BEGIN …​ END

The conditional branch statement IF …​ THEN is used to branch the execution process in a PSQL module.The condition is always enclosed in parentheses.If the condition returns the value TRUE, execution branches to the statement or the block of statements after the keyword THEN.If an ELSE is present, and the condition returns FALSE or UNKNOWN, execution branches to the statement or the block of statements after it.

Multi-Branch Decisions

PSQL does not provide more advanced multi-branch jumps, such as CASE or SWITCH.However, it is possible to chain IF …​ THEN …​ ELSE statements, see the example section below.Alternatively, the CASE statement from DSQL is available in PSQL and is able to satisfy at least some use cases in the manner of a switch:

CASE <test_expr>
  WHEN <expr> THEN <result>
  [WHEN <expr> THEN <result> ...]
  [ELSE <defaultresult>]
END

CASE
  WHEN <bool_expr> THEN <result>
  [WHEN <bool_expr> THEN <result> ...]
  [ELSE <defaultresult>]
END
Example in PSQL
...
C = CASE
      WHEN A=2 THEN 1
      WHEN A=1 THEN 3
      ELSE 0
    END;
...

IF Examples

  1. An example using the IF statement.Assume that the variables FIRST, LINE2 and LAST were declared earlier.

    ...
IF (FIRST IS NOT NULL) THEN
  LINE2 = FIRST || ' ' || LAST;
ELSE
  LINE2 = LAST;
...

  2. Given IF …​ THEN …​ ELSE is a statement, it is possible to chain them together.Assume that the INT_VALUE and STRING_VALUE variables were declared earlier.

    IF (INT_VALUE = 1) THEN
  STRING_VALUE = 'one';
ELSE IF (INT_VALUE = 2) THEN
  STRING_VALUE = 'two';
ELSE IF (INT_VALUE = 3) THEN
  STRING_VALUE = 'three';
ELSE
  STRING_VALUE = 'too much';

    This specific example can be replaced with a simple CASE or the DECODE function.

See also

[fblangref50-psql-while], CASE

WHILE …​ DO

Looping construct

Syntax
[label:]
WHILE (<condition>) DO
  <compound_statement>
Table 1. WHILE …​ DO Parameters
Argument Description

label

Optional label for LEAVE and CONTINUE.Follows the rules for identifiers.

condition

A logical condition returning TRUE, FALSE or UNKNOWN

compound_statement

A single statement, or statements wrapped in BEGIN …​ END

A WHILE statement implements the looping construct in PSQL.The statement or the block of statements will be executed as long as the condition returns TRUE.Loops can be nested to any depth.

WHILE …​ DO Examples

A procedure calculating the sum of numbers from 1 to I shows how the looping construct is used.

CREATE PROCEDURE SUM_INT (I INTEGER)
RETURNS (S INTEGER)
AS
BEGIN
  s = 0;
  WHILE (i > 0) DO
  BEGIN
    s = s + i;
    i = i - 1;
  END
END

Executing the procedure in isql:

EXECUTE PROCEDURE SUM_INT(4);

the result is:

S
==========
10
See also

[fblangref50-psql-ifthen], [fblangref50-psql-break], [fblangref50-psql-leave], [fblangref50-psql-continue], [fblangref50-psql-exit], [fblangref50-psql-forselect], [fblangref50-psql-forexec]

Trapping and Handling Errors

Firebird has a useful lexicon of PSQL statements and resources for trapping errors in modules and for handling them.Firebird uses built-in exceptions that are raised for errors occurring when working DML and DDL statements.

In PSQL code, exceptions are handled by means of the WHEN statement.Handling an exception in the code involves either fixing the problem in situ, or stepping past it;either solution allows execution to continue without returning an exception message to the client.

An exception results in execution being terminated in the current block.Instead of passing the execution to the END statement, the procedure moves outward through levels of nested blocks, starting from the block where the exception is caught, searching for the code of the handler that “knows” about this exception.It stops searching when it finds the first WHEN statement that can handle this exception.

System Exceptions

An exception is a message that is generated when an error occurs.

All exceptions handled by Firebird have predefined numeric values for context variables (symbols) and text messages associated with them.Error messages are output in English by default.Localized Firebird builds are available, where error messages are translated into other languages.

Complete listings of the system exceptions can be found in [fblangref50-appx02-errorcodes]:

Custom Exceptions

Custom exceptions can be declared in the database as persistent objects and called in PSQL code to signal specific errors;for example, to enforce certain business rules.A custom exception consists of an identifier, and a default message of 1021 bytes.For details, see CREATE EXCEPTION.

EXCEPTION

Throws a user-defined exception or rethrows an exception

Syntax
EXCEPTION [
    exception_name
    [ custom_message
    | USING (<value_list>)]
  ]

<value_list> ::= <val> [, <val> ...]
Table 1. EXCEPTION Statement Parameters
Argument Description

exception_name

Exception name

custom_message

Alternative message text to be returned to the caller interface when an exception is thrown.Maximum length of the text message is 1,021 bytes

val

Value expression that replaces parameter slots in the exception message text

The EXCEPTION statement with exception_name throws the user-defined exception with the specified name.An alternative message text of up to 1,021 bytes can optionally override the exception’s default message text.

The default exception message can contain slots for parameters that can be filled when throwing an exception.To pass parameter values to an exception, use the USING clause.Considering, in left-to-right order, each parameter passed in the exception-raising statement as “the Nth”, with N starting at 1:

  • If the Nth parameter is not passed, its slot is not replaced

  • If a NULL parameter is passed, the slot will be replaced with the string “*** null ***”

  • If more parameters are passed than are defined in the exception message, the surplus ones are ignored

  • The maximum number of parameters is 9

  • The maximum message length, including parameter values, is 1053 bytes

Note

The status vector is generated this code combination isc_except, <exception number>, isc_formatted_exception, <formatted exception message>, <exception parameters>.

The error code used (isc_formatted_exception) was introduced in Firebird 3.0, so the client must be at least version 3.0, or at least use the firebird.msg from version 3.0 or higher, to translate the status vector to a string.
Warning

If the message contains a parameter slot number that is greater than 9, the second and subsequent digits will be treated as literal text.For example @10 will be interpreted as slot 1 followed by a literal ‘0’.

As an example:

CREATE EXCEPTION ex1
  'something wrong in @1@2@3@4@5@6@7@8@9@10@11';
SET TERM ^;
EXECUTE BLOCK AS
BEGIN
  EXCEPTION ex1 USING ('a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h', 'i');
END^

This will produce the following output

Statement failed, SQLSTATE = HY000
exception 1
-EX1
-something wrong in abcdefghia0a1

Exceptions can be handled in a [fblangref50-psql-when] statement.If an exception is not handled in a module, then the effects of the actions executed inside this module are cancelled, and the caller program receives the exception (either the default text, or the custom text).

Within the exception-handling block — and only within it — the caught exception can be re-thrown by executing the EXCEPTION statement without parameters.If located outside the block, the re-thrown EXCEPTION call has no effect.

Custom exceptions are stored in the system table RDB$EXCEPTIONS.

EXCEPTION Examples

  1. Throwing an exception upon a condition in the SHIP_ORDER stored procedure:

    CREATE OR ALTER PROCEDURE SHIP_ORDER (
  PO_NUM CHAR(8))
AS
  DECLARE VARIABLE ord_stat  CHAR(7);
  DECLARE VARIABLE hold_stat CHAR(1);
  DECLARE VARIABLE cust_no   INTEGER;
  DECLARE VARIABLE any_po    CHAR(8);
BEGIN
  SELECT
    s.order_status,
    c.on_hold,
    c.cust_no
  FROM
    sales s, customer c
  WHERE
    po_number = :po_num AND
    s.cust_no = c.cust_no
  INTO :ord_stat,
       :hold_stat,
       :cust_no;

  IF (ord_stat = 'shipped') THEN
    EXCEPTION order_already_shipped;
  /* Other statements */
END

  2. Throwing an exception upon a condition and replacing the original message with an alternative message:

    CREATE OR ALTER PROCEDURE SHIP_ORDER (
  PO_NUM CHAR(8))
AS
  DECLARE VARIABLE ord_stat  CHAR(7);
  DECLARE VARIABLE hold_stat CHAR(1);
  DECLARE VARIABLE cust_no   INTEGER;
  DECLARE VARIABLE any_po    CHAR(8);
BEGIN
  SELECT
    s.order_status,
    c.on_hold,
    c.cust_no
  FROM
    sales s, customer c
  WHERE
    po_number = :po_num AND
    s.cust_no = c.cust_no
  INTO :ord_stat,
       :hold_stat,
       :cust_no;

  IF (ord_stat = 'shipped') THEN
    EXCEPTION order_already_shipped
      'Order status is "' || ord_stat || '"';
  /* Other statements */
END

  3. Using a parameterized exception:

    CREATE EXCEPTION EX_BAD_SP_NAME
  'Name of procedures must start with' '@ 1' ':' '@ 2' '' ;
...
CREATE TRIGGER TRG_SP_CREATE BEFORE CREATE PROCEDURE
AS
  DECLARE SP_NAME VARCHAR(255);
BEGIN
  SP_NAME = RDB$GET_CONTEXT ('DDL_TRIGGER' , 'OBJECT_NAME');
  IF (SP_NAME NOT STARTING 'SP_') THEN
    EXCEPTION EX_BAD_SP_NAME USING ('SP_', SP_NAME);
END

  4. Logging an error and re-throwing it in the WHEN block:

    CREATE PROCEDURE ADD_COUNTRY (
  ACountryName COUNTRYNAME,
  ACurrency VARCHAR(10))
AS
BEGIN
  INSERT INTO country (country,
                       currency)
  VALUES (:ACountryName,
          :ACurrency);
  WHEN ANY DO
  BEGIN
    -- write an error in log
    IN AUTONOMOUS TRANSACTION DO
      INSERT INTO ERROR_LOG (PSQL_MODULE,
                             GDS_CODE,
                             SQL_CODE,
                             SQL_STATE)
      VALUES ('ADD_COUNTRY',
              GDSCODE,
              SQLCODE,
              SQLSTATE);
    -- Re-throw exception
    EXCEPTION;
  END
END
See also

CREATE EXCEPTION, [fblangref50-psql-when]

WHEN …​ DO

Catches an exception for error handling

Syntax
WHEN {<error> [, <error> ...] | ANY}
DO <compound_statement>

<error> ::=
  { EXCEPTION exception_name
  | SQLCODE number
  | GDSCODE errcode
  | SQLSTATE sqlstate_code }
Table 1. WHEN …​ DO Statement Parameters
Argument Description

exception_name

Exception name

number

SQLCODE error code

errcode

Symbolic GDSCODE error name

sqlstate_code

String literal with the SQLSTATE error code

compound_statement

A single statement, or a block of statements

The WHEN …​ DO statement handles Firebird errors and user-defined exceptions.The statement catches all errors and user-defined exceptions listed after the keyword WHEN keyword.If WHEN is followed by the keyword ANY, the statement catches any error or user-defined exception, even if they have already been handled in a WHEN block located higher up.

The WHEN …​ DO statements must be located at the end of a block of statements, before the block’s END statement, and after any other statement.

The keyword DO is followed by a single statement, or statements wrapped in a BEGIN …​ END block, that handles the exception.The SQLCODE, GDSCODE, and SQLSTATE context variables are available in the context of this statement or block.Use the RDB$ERROR function to obtain the SQLCODE, GDSCODE, SQLSTATE, custom exception name and exception message.The EXCEPTION statement, without parameters, can also be used in this context to re-throw the error or exception.

Targeting GDSCODE

The argument for the WHEN GDSCODE clause is the symbolic name associated with the internally-defined exception, such as grant_obj_notfound for GDS error 335544551.

In a statement or block of statements of the DO clause, a GDSCODE context variable, containing the numeric code, becomes available.That numeric code is required if you want to compare a GDSCODE exception with a targeted error.To compare it with a specific error, you need to use a numeric values, for example 335544551 for grant_obj_notfound.

Similar context variables are available for SQLCODE and SQLSTATE.

The WHEN …​ DO statement or block is only executed when one of the events targeted by its conditions occurs at run-time.If the WHEN …​ DO statement is executed, even if it does nothing, execution will continue as if no error occurred: the error or user-defined exception neither terminates nor rolls back the operations of the trigger or stored procedure.

However, if the WHEN …​ DO statement or block does nothing to handle or resolve the error, the DML statement (SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, MERGE) that caused the error will be rolled back and none of the statements below it in the same block of statements are executed.

Important

  1. If the error is not caused by one of the DML statements (SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, MERGE), the entire block of statements will be rolled back, not only the one that caused an error.Any operations in the WHEN …​ DO statement will be rolled back as well.The same limitation applies to the EXECUTE PROCEDURE statement.Read an interesting discussion of the phenomenon in Firebird Tracker ticket firebird#4803.

  2. In selectable stored procedures, output rows that were already passed to the client in previous iterations of a FOR SELECT …​ DO …​ SUSPEND loop remain available to the client if an exception is thrown subsequently in the process of retrieving rows.

Scope of a WHEN …​ DO Statement

A WHEN …​ DO statement catches errors and exceptions in the current block of statements.It also catches exceptions from nested blocks, if those exceptions have not been handled in those blocks.

All changes made before the statement that caused the error are visible to a WHEN …​ DO statement.However, if you try to log them in an autonomous transaction, those changes are unavailable, because the transaction where the changes took place is not committed at the point when the autonomous transaction is started.Example 4, below, demonstrates this behaviour.

Tip

When handling exceptions, it is sometimes desirable to handle the exception by writing a log message to mark the fault and having execution continue past the faulty record.Logs can be written to regular tables, but there is a problem with that: the log records will “disappear” if an unhandled error causes the module to stop executing, and a rollback is performed.Use of external tables can be useful here, as data written to them is transaction-independent.The date inserted into a linked external file will still be there, regardless of whether the overall process succeeds or not.

Examples using WHEN…​DO

  1. Replacing the standard error with a custom one:

    CREATE EXCEPTION COUNTRY_EXIST '';
SET TERM ^;
CREATE PROCEDURE ADD_COUNTRY (
  ACountryName COUNTRYNAME,
  ACurrency VARCHAR(10) )
AS
BEGIN
  INSERT INTO country (country, currency)
    VALUES (:ACountryName, :ACurrency);

  WHEN SQLCODE -803 DO
    EXCEPTION COUNTRY_EXIST 'Country already exists!';
END^
SET TERM ^;

  2. Logging an error and re-throwing it in the WHEN block:

    CREATE PROCEDURE ADD_COUNTRY (
  ACountryName COUNTRYNAME,
  ACurrency VARCHAR(10) )
AS
BEGIN
  INSERT INTO country (country,
                       currency)
  VALUES (:ACountryName,
          :ACurrency);
  WHEN ANY DO
  BEGIN
    -- write an error in log
    IN AUTONOMOUS TRANSACTION DO
      INSERT INTO ERROR_LOG (PSQL_MODULE,
                             GDS_CODE,
                             SQL_CODE,
                             SQL_STATE,
                             MESSAGE)
      VALUES ('ADD_COUNTRY',
              GDSCODE,
              SQLCODE,
              SQLSTATE,
              RDB$ERROR(MESSAGE));
    -- Re-throw exception
    EXCEPTION;
  END
END

  3. Handling several errors in one WHEN block

    ...
WHEN GDSCODE GRANT_OBJ_NOTFOUND,
	 GDSCODE GRANT_FLD_NOTFOUND,
	 GDSCODE GRANT_NOPRIV,
	 GDSCODE GRANT_NOPRIV_ON_BASE
DO
BEGIN
  EXECUTE PROCEDURE LOG_GRANT_ERROR(GDSCODE,
    RDB$ERROR(MESSAGE);
  EXIT;
END
...

  4. Catching errors using the SQLSTATE code

    EXECUTE BLOCK
AS
  DECLARE VARIABLE I INT;
BEGIN
  BEGIN
    I = 1/0;
    WHEN SQLSTATE '22003' DO
      EXCEPTION E_CUSTOM_EXCEPTION
        'Numeric value out of range.';
    WHEN SQLSTATE '22012' DO
      EXCEPTION E_CUSTOM_EXCEPTION
        'Division by zero.';
    WHEN SQLSTATE '23000' DO
      EXCEPTION E_CUSTOM_EXCEPTION
       'Integrity constraint violation.';
  END
END
See also

[fblangref50-psql-exception], CREATE EXCEPTION, SQLCODE and GDSCODE Error Codes and Message Texts and SQLSTATE Codes and Message Texts, GDSCODE, SQLCODE, SQLSTATE, RDB$ERROR()